Based on the daily precipitation data of 7 national meteorological stations and 20 automatic meteorological stations in the Urumqi River Basin during the vegetation growth season from May to September) from 2013 to 2021, the variation characteristics of precipitation, precipitation days, precipitation with different levels and their contribution rates to total precipitation with altitude are analyzed. It is expected to provide some references for water resources utilization, eco-environmental treatment and protection in the basin. The results show that both precipitation and precipitation days in the Urumqi River Basin presented a fluctuating and increasing trend with elevation at a rate of 17.4 mm·(100 m)^-1 and 2.85 d·(100 m)^-1, respectively, and the dependence on altitude changed from weak to strong with an altitude of about 1 000 m as a boundary. The high precipitation zones appear in the elevation about 1 200 m and 2 000 m and show a rule of gradual rise from the lower mountain area to the mid-alpine zone and then fall back. The high values of precipitation days are stability and always in the mid-alpine zone (above 1 800 m). The monthly variation characteristics of precipitation days and precipitation in the vegetation growth season are in good agreement, and both are increasing with elevation. In areas below 2 200 m, precipitation in June and precipitation days in July increased most significantly with elevation at a rate of 4.8 mm·(100 m)^-1 and 0.72 d·(100 m)^-1, and in September the increasing rate of both are 1.1 mm·(100 m)^-1 and 0.37 d·(100 m)^-1, respectively. The occurring times of light moderate and heavy rainfall in the growth season of vegetation is strongly altitude-dependent and the contribution rate of precipitation with different levels is not significantly correlated with altitude.

The observational wind speed data in 2018 at two sites located in the hinterland and the northern margin zone of the Taklimakan Desert were used to analyze the wind profile characteristics near-surface layer under typical weather conditions by using the method of synchronous comparison and statistical analysis. The results show that there were two states of change in the upper and lower layers of 0.5-80 m near surface layer. The wind speed in the upper layer was higher during the daytime than at night, and the wind speed in the lower layer was higher at night than during the daytime. Under typical weather conditions, the wind speed near the ground in Tazhong and Xiaotang area increased gradually with the increase of height. The wind speed profile appeared points of inflection at a height of 4 m near the ground. The wind speed profile above the inflection point satisfied the logarithmic-linear law, and below the inflection point it basically satisfied the logarithmic law. The wind speed in Tazhong and Xiaotang area increased significantly during the dust and storm processes. The average wind speed was 8.57 and 11.79 m·s-1, which exceeded the threshold wind speed of 8.0 m·s-1 of the sand and dust storm breaking out in the Taklimakan Desert. In addition, the maximum wind speed appeared at a height of 80 m, the suspended distance of sand and dust in the air would increase, which resulted in large-scale sand emission phenomenon. The wind speed profile fitting was suitable for logarithmic distribution when near-ground layers were neutral, and the exponential distribution was suitable for non-neutral layers in Tazhong and Xiaotang area.

Based on the energy fluxes data of the observation experimental station of land-atmosphere interaction in the hinterland of Taklimakan desert from June 2014 to May 2015, the energy balance ratio (EBR) method and the least square method (OLS) were used to analyze the surface energy balance closure characteristics of desert underlying surface. The results show that all the components of energy fluxes showed a single peak trend, and there were obvious seasonal variation characteristics except latent heat flux (LE), and they were from high to low in summer, spring, autumn and winter. There was an unclosed energy balance in the hinterland of the desert. The energy balance ratio (EBR) fluctuated slowly between 0 and 1 during daytime, and it fluctuated greatly at night. The surface energy balance closure condition was 0.827 in the daytime and 0.410 at night. The surface energy balance closure condition from high to low in summer (0.893), spring (0.835), autumn (0.787), winter (0.698). Under different typical weather conditions, the EBR from high to low under sunny day, cloudy day, sandstorm conditions, and the EBR changed little on sunny day and cloudy day, which accorded with the general variation law of EBR, during sandstorm weather process EBR appeared instantaneous abnormal closure phenomenon.

 Using the measured data of the Taklimakan Desert Atmospheric Environment Comprehensive Observation and Experiment Station (Tazhong Station) for 30 minutes in 2014, this paper systematically analyzed the characteristics of surface radiation balance, energy balance and microclimate in hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert . The results show that the components of radiation and energy balance in Tazhong area were larger in spring and summer, and smaller in autumn and winter, they had obvious diurnal variation characteristics. The peak value of them appeared at about 12:00 (local time, the same as bellow). The net radiation, sensible heat flux and soil heat flux began rising at 08:00 and reached the peak at around 14:00, and then decreased. The latent heat flux changed little. Sensible heat flux was the main form of energy consumption and it accounted for 44.6%, 68.1%, 55.2% and 55.3% of net radiation flux in spring, summer, autumn and winter. It was followed by soil heat flux and there was only a small amount of energy for the phase transition of water. Clouds and dust had a significant weakening effect on the energy balance. The air temperature near surface layer increased with altitude in the daytime, but it decreased with altitude during nighttime, and the relative humidity changed in the opposite direction. The horizontal wind speed near surface layer increased with height, and northeast winds prevailed mainly.

on monthly air temperature and precipitation data at six stations from 1961 to 2004 around the Kumtage desert，the
variation characteristics of winter and summer air temperature，annual temperature range and summer precipitation around the region
were analyzed． The results show that the variation of air temperature and precipitation at six stations had well comparability and consistency
and presented increasing trend with obviously warm － wet change． Except for annual temperature range，the summer precipitation，
winter and summer air temperature all occurred climate jump． They were found by period analysis that the dominating period of
summer precipitation and air temperature before 1970 was about 12 years，and after 1970，it was 24 years，but the dominating period
of winter air temperature and annual temperature range was about 8 years．

The surface temperature is much different at different positions of sand dune or even same position but at different time or different weather condition The temperature features are discussed based on observations at different position of  sand dune on clear or sand-dust day, bare land or different vegetation cover. The daily maximum surface temperature appears on the coping of the sand dune, the minimum temperature and the greatest diurnal temperature range appear on the windward slop.The coping and windward slop of sand dune have the greatest diurnal temperature range, but the leeward slop is contrary.The daily variation of surface temperature is larger on clear day than that under dust weather condition on the coping, windward slop, leeward slop and at the left wing. The time of the maximum and minimum temperature at 20 cm depth of the windward slop and the leeward slop is contrary to that of the surface temperature under clear or dust weather condition. From 0 to 20 cm depth of the windward and leeward slop, the diurnal temperature range is gradually decreasing, the time of the maximum and minimum temperature is different on clear day and dust weather, and the daytime temperature difference is large on clear day or dust weather condition.The surface temperature of vegetation cover and bare land have biggish variation. The daily variation is larger in sunniness cover than that of shade cover of vegetation.

By using thelatest data obtainedfromthe 80 m observingtowerformeteorolo~calfactors detectinginthe hinterland ofTaldi·makan Desert。the evolution characteristics of the wind velocity，temperature an d humidity profiles near the surface layer there on a cloudy day(A 1 2，2006)were analyzed in detail，and these profiles were compared with those ofthe typical sunshiny day there．Re·suits are as follows：(1)On cloudy day，the value of wind speed is increasing with height at night but its change doesn’t obey the loga·rithmic law，it grows at a faster rate；in the daytime the wind spe ed is small，the distributions of wind velocity profiles above and below 10 m near the surface layer are rather diferent at each o~ervational time；(2)Observed temperature profiles on cloudy day age classi·fled into four types：radiation coling at night。transition from night to daytime in early morning，insolation in the daytime，transition from daytime to night，respectively，they are similar to those of sunshiny day；(3)There is a minimum in spec~c humidity profiles，a·beve the height where the minimum appears the specie humidity rises with height increase and appears a”moisture inversion”phe·nomenon，and below that height the specific humidity rises with height decrease．

Desertific;ation is one of the most serious ec;ologic;al} social and economic; problems in arid and semi一arid regions in the con-
temporary world.  Based on referring to a large amount of literature we have narrated and(ommented the concept of desertification in
detail and its  connotation from time spac content  landscape  development tendency and results of sandy desertification in this arti-
cle and have particularly outlined the domestic and foreign desertific;ation monitoring appraisal target system}graduation and its distri-
bution in the world. On one of the focal arguments point of the(auses of desertification} we have synthesized various viewpoints and fi-
nally summarized as natural reason and artificial reason such as drought climate, gale and unreasonable human being's”six excesses"
activities.  Simultaneously controlling methods, basic  we have outlined the interaction ways of desertific;ation and some
Between global warming and desertification. In the end， the preventing and questions like these have also been summarized systemically